Targeted cancer imaging: design and synthesis of nanoplatforms based on tumor biology

Editor(s): Azizi, Mehdi
First published:2021 Published: London Publisher: Academic Press
Print ISBN:9780128245149

Targeted Cancer Imaging: Design and Synthesis of Nanoplatforms based on Tumour Biology reviews and categorizes imaging and targeting approaches according to cancer type, highlighting new and safe approaches that involve membrane-coated nanoparticles, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNAs, and cancer stem cells, all with the goal of pointing the way to developing precise targeting and multifunctional nanotechnology-based imaging probes in the future. This book is highly multidisciplinary, bridging the knowledge gap between tumor biology, nanotechnology, and diagnostic imaging, and thus making it suitable for researchers ranging from oncology to bioengineering.

Although considerable efforts have been conducted to diagnose, improve and treat cancer in the past few decades, existing therapeutic options are insufficient, as mortality and morbidity rates remain high. One of the best hopes for substantial improvement lies in early detection. Recent advances in nanotechnology are expected to increase our current understanding of tumor biology, allowing nanomaterials to be used for targeting and imaging both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

TNM Atlas: Illustrated Guide to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 7th ed.

Christian Wittekind, H. Asamura and Sobin LH

Pages: 274 Size: 1.27 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 16 November, 2016
eISBN-13: 9781119263548

The Union for International Cancer Control’s (UICC) TNM classification system is the most widely used cancer classification and staging system in the world. It is used to describe the anatomical extent of disease and is, therefore, essential to patient care, research and cancer control.

This seventh edition of the TNM Atlas provides health-care professionals with a detailed pictorial guide to the system, demonstrating its practical application via clear, direct text and an array of full-color medical illustrations. The atlas features:

 

  • Specially produced content, created to reflect the most recent iteration of the TNM classification of malignant tumours, the 8th Edition
  • More than 300 full-color medical illustrations covering all anatomical sites of cancer involvement
  • Quick-reference material that is ideal for use in clinical and educational settings

The revised seventh edition of the TNM Atlas is a valuable resource for all medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists, anatomical and surgical pathologists, cancer registrars, oncology nurses, physician extenders, international cancer care centers and NGOs dedicated to cancer control.

TNM supplement: a commentary on uniform use, 5th ed.

Christian Wittekind

Pages: 328 Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 24/07/2019
eISBN-13: 9781119263920

The Union for International Cancer Control’s (UICC) TNM classification system is the most widely used cancer classification and staging system in the world. It is used to describe the anatomical extent of disease and it is essential to patient care, research and cancer control.

This fifth edition of the TNM Supplement: A Commentary of Uniform Use offers practitioners a wealth of material intended to complement the system’s day-to-day use. The volume features:

  • Updated definitions of terms used in cancer staging.
  • New sections on carcinomas of the thymus, sarcomas of the spine and pelvis and soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck, and comprehensive updates to the head and neck carcinomas, carcinomas of the lung and neuroendocrine tumours sections.
  • Frequently asked questions from the UICC helpdesk.

The Supplement may be treated as a companion text to the recent eighth edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (978-1-119-26357-9), supporting the correct and uniform application of the TNM classification system. The TNM Supplement can also be utilised as a standalone book, providing explanations and examples to answer many questions that arise during the daily use of the TNM cancer classification and staging system, particularly in unusual cases.

Breast Oncology: Techniques, Indications, and Interpretation

Pages: 359 Size: 12.12 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2017
eISBN-13: 9783319425634

This book presents up to date debates and issues in the world of breast MRI with a very practical focus on how to incorporate current understanding of breast MRI into clinical practice. The book is divided into three key sections, all of which have critical impact for the breast imager: Techniques introduces the reader to the parameters of breast MRI from standard sequences to up-to-date cutting edge techniques. Indications provides a careful review of the accepted indications for breast MRI from High Risk Screening to use of breast MRI, in the context of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a detailed analysis of the evidence-based support for these indications and a careful look at controversies and debates within the field. MRI Findings, Interpretation, and Management takes on the topics of how to interpret and manage specific MRI findings from benign to malignant disease with a focus on radiologic-pathologic correlation. The section also incorporates a focus on key management dilemmas, including appropriate follow-up intervals for benign findings on MRI and management of probably benign lesions assessed as a Breast Imaging Reporting and Dictating System (BI-RADS)-3 category on MRI.

Breast Disease Management: A Multidisciplinary Manual

Author: James Harvey, Sue Down, Rachel Bright-Thomas, John Winstanley, Hugh Bishop. Pages: 263 Size: 977 KB Format: PDF Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 31 October, 2013
eISBN-13: 9780191550508

Breast cancer affects 1 in 10 women and the majority of UK women will attend a breast clinic at least once during their lives. The patient`s journey through assessment and management is one that involves a huge range of healthcare professionals, in which the truly multidisciplinary management style required has previously been only sparsely addressed. This book provides a practical guide on how to investigate and manage common breast problems for all members of the breast disease team, whether surgeons, nurses, pathologists or support workers. Its focus is on providing easy access to the most up-to-date evidence, allowing healthcare workers to make the best decisions possible and encouraging a team approach to patient support. 26 chapters cover the whole of the patient journey from assessment through to surgery and adjuvant treatments, giving a practical overview of the whole process of care. The coverage guides the reader from clinical examination and investigation of the breast patient to pre-operative workup and post-operative complication guidance. To enable swift and effective decision-making, clear management plans are provided for common breast problems. The book also includes the latest evidence, guidance and references on breast disease, together with discussions on current controversies in the field including the management of margins, management of the axilla and the evidence surrounding the NHS Breast Screening Programme. To give practical advice on the realities of being part of a breast care team, the book also has several chapters devoted to leadership and management including MDT requirements, audit and research, avoiding complaints and the organisation of a breast unit. Enabling every healthcare professional to respond to patients` needs accurately and knowledgeably, Breast Disease Management is a practical guide for the whole team in providing truly patient-centred, effective care.

Basics of Planning and Management of Patients during Radiation Therapy: A Guide for Students and Practitioners

Pages: 400 Size: 8.03 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Singapore
Published: 01 January, 2018
eISBN-13: 9789811066597

This book summarizes the do’s and don’ts of managing a patient receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy as well as how to manage common day to day situations that one comes across in radiation oncology practice. It aims to serve as a useful guide for students of radiation oncology for their practical exams and provides useful answers mostly to the why’s of the various steps of radiotherapy planning, prescribing, evaluation and treatment delivery. The intent of this book is to cover the various indications and techniques for taking a decision on the various practical aspects of radiotherapy planning and delivery and hopes to offer assistance to young radiation oncologists in handling cancer patients. This is a more practice oriented book and does not aim to cover the various sites, types and indications of radiotherapy as a whole.

Cancer and the LGBT Community

Author: Ulrike Boehmer, Ronit Elk Pages: 335 Size: 2.85 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2015
eISBN-13: 9783319150574

This book covers the scope of current knowledge of cancer in the LGBT community across the entire cancer continuum, from understanding risk and prevention strategies in LGBT groups, across issues of diagnosis and treatment of LGBT patients, to unique aspects of survivorship and death and dying in these communities. Each chapter includes an in depth analysis of the state of the science, discusses the many remaining challenges and unanswered questions and makes recommendations for research, policy and programmatic strategies required to address these. Focus is also placed on the diversity of the LGBT communities. Issues that are unique to cancer in LGBT populations are addressed including the social, economic and cultural factors that affect cancer risk behaviors, barriers to screening, utilization of health care services, and legislation that directly impacts the health care of LGBT patients, healthcare settings that are heterosexist and unique aspects of patient-provider relationships such as disclosure of sexual orientation and the need for inclusion of expanded definition of family to include families of choice. The implications of policy change, its impact on healthcare for LGBT patients are highlighted, as are the remaining challenges that need to be addressed. A roadmap for LGBT cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis, survivorship, including treatment and end of life care is offered for future researchers, policy makers, advocates and health care providers.

A Beginner’s Guide to Targeted Cancer Treatments

Author: Elaine Vickers Pages: 358 Size: 4 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 08 May, 2018
eISBN-13: 9781119126836

The accessible guide to the principles behind new, more targeted drug treatments for cancer. Written for anyone who encounters cancer patients, cancer data or cancer terminology, but have no more than a passing knowledge of cell biology. A Beginner’s Guide to Targeted Cancer Treatments provides an understanding of how cancer works and the many new treatments available.. Using over 100 original illustrations, this accessible handbook covers the biology and mechanisms behind a huge range of targeted drug treatments, including many new immunotherapies. Dr Vickers translates a complex and often overwhelming topic into something digestible and easily understood. She also explains what cancer is, how it behaves and how our understanding of cancer has changed in recent years.. Each chapter takes the reader through how new cancer drugs work and their benefits and limitations. With the help of this book, readers will be able to better understand more complex, in-depth articles in journals and books and develop their knowledge. This vital resource:. Offers the latest insights into cancer biology Provides a broad understanding of how targeted cancer treatments work Describes many of the new immunotherapy approaches to cancer treatment, such as checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-modified T cells Helps readers feel confident discussing treatment options with colleagues and patients Provides an overview of which treatments are relevant to each of the most common solid tumours and haematological cancers, and the rationale behind them Demystifies the jargon  terms such as the EMT, cancer stem cells, monoclonal antibodies, kinase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors etc. Explains the resistance mechanisms to many new treatments, including issues such as the way cancer cells diversify and evolve and the complex environment in which they live

Current Common Dilemmas in Colorectal Surgery

Patricia Sylla and Christopher M. Schlachta Pages: 383 Size: 6.83 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published: 01 January, 2018
eISBN-13: 9783319701172

This text reviews the areas of colorectal surgery that are at the cutting edge of innovation, paradigm shift and controversy with regard to diagnosis, patient selection, treatment algorithm, and therapeutic approaches. From the impact of enhanced recovery protocols on traditional colorectal practices, to that of novel strategies merging endoscopic and surgical techniques, to recent paradigm shifts in the management of common colorectal disorders, this text provides readers with an update on current controversies and evolving treatment rationale in the management of common colorectal diseases. Current Common Dilemmas in Colorectal Surgery provides a guide for the current common dilemmas that caregivers encounter in their daily practice. It is of great utility to colorectal surgeons, surgical oncologists and general surgeons practicing colorectal surgery, senior residents in general surgery training or surgical oncology or colorectal fellowships, allied healthcare professionals involved in the care of patients with colorectal disease, pharma and biomedical technology industry with an interest in current care of patients with colorectal disease.

Problem Solving in Acute Oncology

Author: Edited By Ernie Marshall, Md, Mrcp(uk), Mbchb, Macmillian Consultant In Medical Oncology, Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Merseyside, Uk, Alison Young, Md, Mrcp(uk), Mbchb, Consultant Medical Oncologist, St James`s Institute Of Oncology, St James`s University Hospital, Leeds, Uk, Peter I. Clark, Ma, Md, Frcp, Professor Of Medical Oncology, Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Merseyside, Uk, Chair Of NHS England Chemotherapy Clinical Reference Group, Peter Selby, Cbe, Dsc, Md, Frcp, Frcr, Fmedsci, Professor Of Cancer Medicine, St James`s Institute Of Oncology, St James`s University Hospital And University Of Leeds, Leeds, Uk, President Of The Association Of Cancer Physicians. Pages: 268 Size: 16.92 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Atlas Medical Publishing
Published: 03 November, 2013
eISBN-13: 978184692649

In the United Kingdom there has been increasing attention paid to the needs of patients who present acutely with problems related to the diagnosis and management of cancer, complications of their cancer, complications of their treatment or who require appropriate symptom control or palliative care. These issues are being considered carefully by a wide range of professionals working in oncology, the Departments of Health and other bodies. There is now a substantial service development to ensure that Acute Oncology is appropriately provided in order to improve outcomes and wellbeing of patients. This book uses the Problem Solving format to produce a text which will be of value to everyone involved in planning and delivery of acute oncology care throughout the UK. The issues raised here will be equally valuable in an international context. The book is formally supported by the Association of Cancer Physicians (ACP).

Men`s Health in Primary Care

Author: Edited By Joel J. Heidelbaugh. Pages: 312 Size: 5.5 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2016
eISBN-13: 9783319260914

This book fills a major gap in the literature by providing comprehensive guidelines for the care of male patients through the lifecycle and across healthcare settings. Devoted solely to improving men`s health, this book serves as an accessible, practical reference for clinicians treating these patients. It focuses on the psychosocial challenges that men encounter in obtaining healthcare as well as acute and chronic medical and psychological diseases. The book also offers current evidence-based guidelines for wellness and health maintenance. Topics include the problem of help seeking, preventative services, sexual dysfunction, cardiovascular health, prostate cancer screening, and testosterone deficiency. Men`s Health in Primary Care is a valuable resource for primary care clinicians and students in family medicine, internal medicine, and adolescent medicine.

ABC of Breast Diseases

Author: Edited By J. Michael Dixon. Pages: 167 Size: 72.64 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Bmj Books
Published: 03 August, 2012
eISBN-13: 9781118472002

The ABC of Breast Diseases provides comprehensive guidance to the assessment of symptoms, and how to manage all common breast conditions and provides guidelines on referral. It covers congenital problems, breast infection and mastalgia, before addressing the epidemiology, prevention, screening and diagnosis of breast cancer. It outlines the treatment and management options for breast cancer within different groups and includes new chapters on the genetics, prevention, management of high risk women and the psychological aspects of breast diseases. Edited and written by internationally renowned experts in the field and highly illustrated in full colour, this fourth edition remains a practical guide for general practitioners, family physicians, practice nurses and breast care nurses as well as for surgeons and oncologists both in training and recently qualified as well as medical students.

OSH Perioperative Medicine: Managing surgical patients with medical problems (2 ed.)

Author: Graham J MacKay, Helen R Dorrance, Richard G Molloy, and Patrick J O’Dwyer
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2009
Print ISBN-13:  9780199533350
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199533350.001.0001

New to this edition of Perioperative Medicine are new sections on surgical oncology, theatre etiquette, planning lists.

OSH Paediatric Haematology and Oncology

Author: Simon Bailey and Rod Skinner
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2009
Print ISBN-13: 9780199299676
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199299676.001.0001

Divided into sections to allow quick access to the necessary information, this title covers general principles of diagnosis and treatment, short and long term care, and oncological emergencies, before moving on to chapters on specific diseases.

OSH Surgical Oncology

Author: M Asif Chaudry and Marc Christopher Winslet
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2009
Print ISBN-13: 9780199237098
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199237098.001.0001

This resource is an essential accompaniment for all higher surgical trainees from MRCS to the exit FRCS and EBSQ exams, and will be particularly useful for trainees rotating between surgical subspecialties, as well as having wide appeal to other members of the multidisciplinary team.

Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine (5 ed.)

Author: Nathan Cherny, Marie Fallon, Stein Kaasa, Russell K. Portenoy, and David C. Currow
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2015
Print ISBN-13: 9780199656097
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199656097.001.0001

This new edition of the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine has been thoroughly updated to offer a truly global perspective in this field, and new sections include information on assessment tools, care of patients with cancer, and the management of issues in the very young and the very old. It covers all the new and emerging topics, and the multi-disciplinary nature of palliative care is emphasized throughout, covering areas from ethical and communication issues, the treatment of symptoms, and the management of pain.

Oxford Handbook of Oncology (4 ed.)

Author: Jim Cassidy, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2009
Print ISBN-13: 9780199689842
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199689842.001.0001

Oxford Handbook of Oncology has been the essential go-to guide for students and practitioners in oncology for over a decade. The scientific basis and diagnosis of cancers is covered, as well as drugs, biomarkers, and the presentation and psychosocial aspects of oncology. Concise, practical, and comprehensive, there is no better companion for both common conditions and challenging emergencies. This handbook incorporates changes such as the understanding of the science of cancer, novel therapies in breast, lung, renal, and melanoma, molecular sub-classification of common solid cancers, personalized therapy approaches, new agents in hard to treat cancers, the benefits of new technologies in radiotherapy, and the emerging data on the importance of the immune response.

Oxford Handbook of General Practice (4 ed.)

Author: Chantal Simon, Hazel Everitt, Francoise van Dorp, and Matt Burkes
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2014
Print ISBN-13: 9780199671038
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199671038.001.0001

Fully revised to reflect the new changes to the GP contract and the GP curriculum, this fourth edition of the best-selling Oxford Handbook of General Practice is a practical guide to all aspects of general practice, including everything from vital clinical information to valuable practical guidance from experienced GPs. Comprehensively covering everything a doctor needs to work in, or manage a GP practice, this resource ensures readers are always up-to-date with the latest guidelines, the most recent protocols, and cutting-edge clinical information. It is fully illustrated, features many useful figures, diagrams, management boxes, and tables, and new full colour photographs have been added to the dermatology and ophthalmology chapters.

Oxford Handbook of Geriatric Medicine (3rd ed.)

Author: Lesley K. Bowker, James D. Price, Kunal S. Shah, and Sarah C. Smith
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2018
Print ISBN-13: 9780198738381
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198738381.001.0001

The Oxford Handbook of Geriatric Medicine includes all the information required to deliver effective geriatric care. It covers a range of key treatment areas, indicating where practice differs from that of younger adults or is ill informed by evidence and where dangers lurk for the inexperienced clinician, and the many ethical and clinical dilemmas common in geriatric practice. A practical, accessible, and essential guidance for all junior doctors and specialist trainees in geriatric and general internal medicine, and for all medical and nursing staff who manage older people.

Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes (3 ed.)

Author: John Wass and Katharine Owen
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2014
Print ISBN-13: 9780199644438
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199644438.001.0001

The Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes has been fully revised for its third edition, and includes new dedicated chapters on endocrine surgery, endocrinology and ageing, and obesity, as well as new topics, including intrinsic imperfections of endocrine replacement therapy, transition to adult care, and survivors of childhood cancer. Written in conjunction with the Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, it covers clinical investigation and management of both common and rare conditions. Following the latest protocols and clinical guidelines it ensures readers are up-to-date with the latest clinical care and practice.

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology (4 ed.)

Author: Drew Provan, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet Dokal, and Johannes de Vos
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2015
Print ISBN-13: 9780199683307
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199683307.001.0001

The Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology provides core and concise information on the entire spectrum of blood disorders affecting both adults and children. Updated for its fourth edition, it includes all major advances in the specialty, including malignant haematology, haemato-oncology, coagulation, transfusion medicine, and red cell disorders, with a brand new chapter on rare diseases. It is divided into clinical approach and disease-specific areas. The clinical approach section outlines various symptoms and signs in patients with blood disease to enable the reader to formulate a sensible differential diagnosis before embarking on investigation and treatment. The disease-specific section is written by four authors whose expertise covers the whole breadth of diseases included in the book. All authors have contributed to national guidelines (e.g. British Committee for Standards in Haematology, BCSH) and are experts in the evidence base that exists for each topic. Less

Oxford Handbook of Cancer Nursing

Author: Mike Tadman and Dave Roberts
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2007
Print ISBN-13: 9780198569244
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198569244.001.0001

Taking a systematic approach to the main areas of cancer nursing practice, the Oxford Handbook of Cancer Nursing covers all aspects of cancer care. It guides the user from pre-diagnosis, through treatment, to issues of advanced disease and palliative care. It includes cancer biology, genetics and treatments, as well as new targeted and complementary therapies.

Emergencies in Oncology

Author: Martin Scott-Brown, Roy AJ Spence, and Patrick Johnston
Format: Webpage Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2007
Print ISBN-13: 9780199215638
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199215638.001.0001

This reference seeks to provide an easily accessible evidence based guide to the diagnosis and management of acutely ill patients with cancer. It aims to help both the oncology specialist and the non-specialist to optimally manage acutely unwell cancer patients.

Lung Cancer: A multidisciplinary approach

Author: Edited By Alison Leary.
Pages: 224 Size: 7.66 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 16 March, 2012
eISBN-13: 9781444398632

Lung Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach provides clinicians with a comprehensive text that can be used when caring for patients with lung cancer throughout the entire patient journey. This edited collection explores the aetiology of lung cancer; mesothelioma; the range of available treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy; surgical care; supportive and end-of-life care; quality-of-life issues; and the role of the nurse within the multidisciplinary team. A comprehensive, evidence-based guide to lung cancer Illustrative case studies used throughout Contributions from respected healthcare professionals in the field Interprofessional in focus Lung Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach is an essential resource for all nurses and healthcare professionals working with cancer patients.

Management of Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Author: Brennan, Murray, Cristina R. Antonescu Antonescu, Cristina R., Kaled Alektiar Alektiar, Kaled, Robert Maki Maki, Robert
Pages: 398 Size: 13.77 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2016
eISBN-13: 9783319419060

Management of Soft Tissue Sarcoma, 2nd Edition provides the most comprehensive analysis of demographics and natural history currently available for these lesions, based on the authors` experience with over 10,000 patients. Sections regarding radiation therapy not found in the previous text have been expanded, as have updates on molecular characteristics of sarcomas and chemotherapy studies published since the prior edition. Clinical and molecular diagnoses are addressed, and tumor histopathology is employed as the basis of treatment recommendations including surgery, radiation and systemic therapy. This is the first book to provide specific chemotherapy opinions for every sarcoma subtype. Written by four world-renowned experts, this book gives a practical, up-to-date approach to managing the many subtypes of adult soft tissue sarcoma.

Haematology Nursing

Author: [edited By] Marvelle Brown, Tracey J. Cutler.
Pages: 337 Size: 14.73 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 15 February, 2012
eISBN-13: 9781118276112

Haematology Nursing is a comprehensive handbook, with a nursing focus, on the care and management of patients with haematological disorders. Divided into four sections, the first provides an introduction to haematology, looking at haemopoiesis, immunology and genetics. Section two covers non-malignant haematology, including anaemia, haemoglobinopathies and haemochromatosis. Section three explores the pathophysiology, care and management of Myeloproliferative and Lymphoproliferative Disorders, including leukaemia, myeloma, and lymphoma. The final section provides information on various nursing care interventions, including blood transfusion, venous access devices, and palliative care. Aimed principally at nurses working in a variety of settings including haematology/oncology wards, medical/haematology wards, specialist bone marrow transplant centres, and community settings, Haematology Nursing is an essential, and much needed reference guide.

Fast Facts: Lymphoma

Author: Chris Hatton, Ma, Frcp Frcpath., Graham Collins, Ma, Mrcp, Frcpath., Dphil., John Sweetenham, Md, Frcp.
Pages: 120 Size: 26.29 MB Format: EPUB Publisher: Health Press
Published: 27 July, 2015
eISBN-13: 9781908541796

Hodgkin lymphoma and the many different subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have different responses to treatment, so accurate diagnosis and a rational approach to management are essential. Fast Facts: Lymphoma distills the most important aspects of the diagnosis and management of these complex disorders into a highly accessible well-illustrated summary of the key facts. This fully updated second edition provides:

  • a clear outline of the nature of lymphoma
  • the essentials of clinical presentation, biopsy and basic histology
  • the latest laboratory diagnostics, including immunophenotyping, cytogenetics and microarray technology
  • key aspects of staging and initial therapy
  • superbly illustrated overviews of the pathology, presentation, treatment and prognosis of each lymphoma subtype
  • new treatment options, including targeted biological therapies
  • a practical overview of supportive care for the complications of lymphoma.

Written by three experts in the field from the UK and USA, Fast Facts: Lymphoma applies an international perspective to this challenging disease in a unique format within the context of clinical practice. It is a valuable resource for trainee doctors and specialist nurses working in the field of hemato-oncology. It will also be of interest to the inquiring patient or carer who wishes to know more about lymphoma.

Advanced Nursing Practice and Nurse-led Clinics in Oncology

Farrell, Carole

Pages: 276 Size: 3.14 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2017
eISBN-13: 9781315797502

Over the past ten years there has been a dramatic increase in new nursing roles and nurse-led clinics within oncology. This unique handbook is a comprehensive companion for nurses studying and practising at an advanced level in this emerging field.

This text outlines and discusses roles, responsibilities and skills related to advanced practice in oncology nursing – including leadership, communication skills and prescribing – linking throughout to the implications for clinical practice. It then provides a step-by-step guide to setting up and developing nurse-led clinics, looking in more detail at clinics focusing on surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, clinical trials and follow ups, and providing an in-depth case example of a clinic set up for adjuvant Herceptin use.

Basics of Oncology

Frederick O. Stephens, Karl Reinhard Aigner.

Pages: 276 Size: 3.14 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2017
eISBN-13: 9783319431932

This book provides an easily understood and general overview of the basic medical, scientific, and clinical aspects of cancer. Causes, pathology, clinical features, diagnostic investigations, treatments, and outcomes are all carefully explained and discussed. This second edition includes a number of updates, especially concerning personalized medicine and regional chemotherapy. The reader will acquire a clear understanding of how and why people develop cancer, how the body reacts to cancer, what can be done to prevent the disease, and how the various cancers are best diagnosed and treated. Basics of Oncology will serve as a sound platform for the more detailed or specific studies that may be needed in different areas of practice. It will be invaluable for students of medicine, nurse oncologists, students of medical sciences, and other health professionals in all parts of the world.

BMJ Clinical Review: Clinical Oncology

Babita Jyoti & Eleftheria Kleidi.

Pages: 108 Size: 1,016 KB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2016
eISBN-13: 9783319194370

This volume covers a range topics in the management and treatment of cancer. Subjects dealt with include; the changing epidemiology of lung cancer with a focus on screening using low dose computed tomography, identifying brain tumours in children and young adults, prostate cancer screening and the management of clinically localized disease, the management of women at high risk of breast cancer, head and neck cancer with reference to epidemiology, presentation, prevention, treatment and prognostic factors, malignant and premalignant lesions of the penis, melanoma and advances in radiotherapy.

Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Lida Mina, Anna Maria Storniolo, Hal Douglas Kipfer, Cindy Hunter, Kandice Ludwig.

Pages: 346 Size: 11.73 MB Format: EPUB Publisher: Nbn International
Published: 30 September, 2015
eISBN-13: 9781472744135

Uniquely designed for oncologists and general practitioners, this book offers clinicians comprehensive guidelines when dealing with women at high risk for breast cancer. Written by experts in the field on the cutting edge of this research, the following questions will be answered for the reader by the end of the book: * Who is at elevated risk for breast cancer? * Who should be genetically screened? * When and how often should we obtain imaging? * What type of imaging is adequate? * What medications are available for prevention? * When is surgical intervention appropriate? * What lifestyle changes should be implemented to prevent this disaster? With one in eight women likely to contract breast cancer in her lifetime, the significance of identifying and managing the high-risk patient is evident. Breakthroughs in the identification of genes associated with breast carcinoma, particularly BRCA1 and 2, as well as other risk factors, influence not only how patients are screened, but also how they are treated. Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment provides a guided approach to prevention of breast cancer in women at elevated risk for this malignancy.

Cancer, Intimacy and Sexuality

Reisman, Yacov; Gianotten, Woet L

Pages: 276 Size: 3.14 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2017
eISBN-13: 9783319431932

This book provides a wide-ranging overview of the sexual consequences of cancer and its treatment with the aim of equipping physicians and other health care providers with the awareness and knowledge required in order to offer patients effective treatment. While sexuality may not be the primary focus for cancer patients, at some point, whether because of sexual changes or relationship issues, many patients come to acknowledge the effects that cancer and its treatment have had on their sexuality. Although the impacts are frequently similar, significant variation is observed. Some patients experience changes in all phases of sexual response, while others experience none; moreover, the consequences of the effects may be felt differently by patients and partners. Unfortunately, many physicians and health care providers remain insufficiently aware of the impact of cancer on sexuality and/or lack knowledge about the concerns of patients and the available treatments and coping strategies. A further issue is the reticence of physicians to discuss sexuality and the fear of sexologists to talk to patients about cancer. Readers will find this book to be a rich source of help in overcoming these constraints and delivering suitable care to patients.

CBT for Psychological Well-Being in Cancer: A Skills Training Manual Integrating DBT, ACT, Behavioral Activation and Motivational Interviewing

Carlson, Mark

Pages: 265 Size: 3.14 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 24 February, 2017
eISBN-13: 9781119161455

CBT for Psychological Well-Being in Cancer is the first clinical manual to target psychological well-being in cancer by combining skill sets from DBT and other well-researched approaches, providing clinical material in a clear session-by-session structure organized by topic.

  • The first skills training manual in the field to provide an integrated session-by-session outline that clinicians can customize for their own needs
  • Adaptive and contextualist in approach Carlson integrates skill sets from DBT, ACT, behavioral activation, and motivational Interviewing to promote efficacy and cost-effectiveness
  • he text provides a unique range of resources to support for clinicians, including session guides, specific interventions, client handouts, and invaluable measurement and tracking tools for those clinicians required to report outcomes
  • The content can be flexibly deployed by clinicians into their existing work to meet the needs of specific patients in individual or group treatment contexts, by selecting the most appropriate sessions, skills, and handouts.

Challenging Concepts in Oncology

Madhumita Bhattacharyya, Sarah Payne, Iain McNeish.

Pages: 323 Size: 8.13 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 21 May, 2015
eISBN-13: 9780191002731

Providing the inside track on how the experts approach and deal with real-world clinical scenarios, Challenging Concepts in Oncology contains wide-ranging and in-depth reviews of contemporary and often contentious topics in the world of oncology today. With a case-based approach and expert commentary throughout, complex patient presentations are discussed from a multidisciplinary perspective and all the angles necessary for accurate assessment, diagnosis, and management are fully considered and explored. Each case contains `Clinical Tips`, `Learning Points`, `Expert Comments` and `Evidence Base` to enhance the learning process and provide easy reference to important supplementary material. Aimed primarily at specialty trainees and registrars in oncology, this text will appeal to all those healthcare professionals with an interest in oncology.

Dying and Death in Oncology

Lawrence Berk

Pages: 187 Size: 1.35 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2017
eISBN-13: 9783319418612

This book brings together in one volume many important topics about death and dying, including the pathophysiology of death, the causes of death among cancer patients, the ethics of death, the legal aspects of death for the physician and for the patient and caregivers, the economics of death, the medical management of the dying patient, including pain and dyspnea, the prediction of death, and the spiritual management of the dying patient. It also discusses other medical and humanistic aspects of death and dying, such as the historical definition of death and various cultures` and religions` viewpoints on death and the afterlife. Everybody, including every patient with cancer, will die, and every physician will have to assist dying patients. Oncologists face this prospect more often than many physicians. And yet to date there has been no comprehensive textbook on Thanatology, the academic discipline studying death and dying, to assist oncologists in this difficult task. This book will help the physician to understand his or her own relationship with death and to communicate about death and dying with the patient and the patient`s caregivers.

Fast Facts: Early Breast Cancer

Paul L Haun; Julia Scarisbrick, Julia

Pages: 86 Size: 51.72 MB Format: EPUB Publisher: Health Press
Published: 22 August, 2016
eISBN-13: 9781910797297

Provides a comprehensive overview of stage 0, I, II and IIIA disease, including the latest thinking on the risk of developing breast cancer and the value (or not) of screening, alongside the importance of clinical staging and triple assessment.

Fast Facts: Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Mary O’Brien;Benjamin Besse

Pages: 71 Size: 4.98 MB Format: EPUB Publisher: Health Press
Published: 29 August, 2016
eISBN-13: 9781910797310

Rapid developments in the classification, screening and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are improving outcomes for patients with the disease. This insightful guide is designed to bring you up to speed with recent advances, including: – the latest CT-based screening and interval growth imaging techniques – proposed changes to the TNM classification system – the increasing trend for minimally invasive and lung-sparing surgery – stereotactic radiation for early-stage tumors – new targeted therapies – breakthroughs in personalized medicine. Today’s developments will change tomorrow?s standards of care.

Geriatric Psycho-Oncology

Jimmie C. Holland, Talia Weiss Wiesel, Christian J. Nelson, Andrew J. Roth, Yesne Alici.

Pages: 225 Size: 2.29 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 03 February, 2015
eISBN-13: 9780199361472

Geriatric Psycho-Oncology is a comprehensive handbook that provides best practice models for the management of psychological, cognitive, and social outcomes of older adults living with cancer and their families. Chapters cover a wide range of topics including screening tools and interventions, psychiatric emergencies and disorders, physical symptom management, communication issues, and issues specific to common cancer sites. A resource section is appended to provide information on national services and programs. This book features contributions from experts designed to help clinicians review, anticipate and respond to emotional issues that often arise in the context of treating older cancer patients. Cross-references, succinct tables and figures make this concise reference easy to use. Geriatric Psycho-Oncology is an ideal resource for helping oncologists and nurses recognize when it may be best to refer patients to their mental health colleagues and for those who are establishing or adding psychosocial components to existing clinics.

Handbook of Long Term Care of The Childhood Cancer Survivor

Grace A. Mucci, Lilibeth R. Torno.

Pages: 548 Size: 5.17 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2015
eISBN-13: 9781489975843

This authoritative reference examines in depth the myriad challenges facing pediatric cancer survivors and proposes a robust framework for structured follow-up of these patients through adulthood. Approaches to long-term follow-up include both established models of care and targeted models of lifelong surveillance of late effects by bodily systems and neurological outcomes. Sections devoted to quality of life and re-entry after treatment focus on key concerns such as health risk behaviors, school and career issues, psychological challenges, and care disparities. And a robust resources section adds extra usefulness to the expert coverage. Among the Handbook`s topics:

  • Developmental considerations in the transition from child and adolescent to adult survivorship.
  • Long-term follow-up roadmaps by disease and treatment.
  • Neuropsychological effects of pediatric brain tumors and associated treatment.
  • Building resiliency in childhood cancer survivors: a clinician`s perspective.
  • School issues and educational strategies for survivors of childhood cancer.
  • Educating and preparing the childhood cancer survivor for long-term care: a curriculum model for cancer centers.

A work of rare scope, scholarship, and clinical acumen, the Handbook of Long-Term Care of the Childhood Cancer Survivor is a rewarding, practice-building resource essential to a wide range of healing professionals, including primary care physicians, pediatricians, oncologists, nurses, psychologists, neuropsychologists, child psychologists, and licensed therapists.

Handbook of Lung Cancer and Other Thoracic Malignancies

Gregory P. Kalemkerian, Jessica S. Donington, Elizabeth M. Gore, Suresh S. Ramalingam.

Pages: 284 Size: 15.28 MB Format: EPUB Publisher: Demos Medical Publishing
Published: 28 November, 2016
eISBN-13: 9781617052729

A practical guide to management of lung cancer and other cancers of the thoracic cavity. Edited by a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists from leading institutions, the book is an essential day-to-day reference for evidence-based care in thoracic oncology.

This state-of-the-art handbook focuses on evidence-based conventional and novel treatment strategies that have been transforming the landscape of lung cancer and related tumors. It includes guidance on video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, combined-modality therapy, molecular diagnostic testing leading to molecularly targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, and site-directed treatment of oligometastatic disease.

Practical and applicable to the care of real-life patients, this pocket-style resource covers the entirety of the field and is indispensable for clinical oncologists treating and managing thoracic cancer as well as trainees in medical, radiation, and surgical oncology programs needing an accessible point of care resource in one of the most dynamic subspecialty areas in oncology.

Immuno-Oncology

Edited By Olivier Michielin, George Coukos.

Pages: 129 Size: 3.96 MB Format: EPUB Publisher: Karger
Published: 09 September, 2015
eISBN-13: 9783318055900

Over the last decade, immuno-oncology has witnessed an astonishing pace of discovery and innovation translating into unprecedented successes in the clinical setting, arguably representing one of the most profound and transforming revolution in the history of cancer therapy. This book provides a concise and accurate outline of the main developments in major tumor types including melanoma, lung, breast, brain and renal cell cancers. In addition, transversal chapters that describe the commonalities of some of the therapeutic strategies are provided to cover topics like immune checkpoint biology, T cell engineering or rational combination therapies. Each chapter has been authored by senior key opinion leaders in their respective fields to provide the most up-to-date view on cancer immuno-oncology. To reflect on the key translational aspect of immuno-oncology, all chapters are making explicit connections between basic science discoveries and the resulting translational therapeutic strategies. Immuno-Oncology will be an invaluable source of information for scientists interested in the translation of basic immunology into the clinical practice, as well as for clinician interested in deepening their knowledge of current and upcoming immune strategies in the fight against cancers.

Introduction to Cancer Metastasis

Edited By Aamir Ahmad.

Pages: 418 Size: 7.26 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Academic Press
Published: 14 November, 2016
eISBN-13: 9780128040331

Introduction to Cancer Metastasis provides, in one place, an overview of organ-specific cancer metastasis and the most common sites of cancer metastasis. Through specific chapters on individual primary cancers, their metastasis, and chapters on common metastatic sites, this volume comprehensively informs readers about the broader knowledge base in cancer metastasis. The process of metastasis is particularly responsible for making cancer so lethal. This volume explores both metastasis from sites of origin and common metastatic sites, thus increasing understanding of both perspectives.

  • Includes basic biology and translational approaches to organ-specific cancer sites
  • Provides readers with information on emerging therapeutic targets for cancer metastasis
  • Contains contributions from leading researchers around the globe.

Lecture Notes: Oncology

Mark Bower, Jonathan Waxman.

Pages: 363 Size: 83.92 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 01 October, 2015
eISBN-13: 9781118842119

Cancer is one of the most exciting specialties in medicine. This book aspires to convey the authors enthusiasm for oncology and this new edition of Oncology Lecture Notes is a must for students and trainees. There has been a revolution in the practice of oncology. The changes are due to amazing advances in basic science, and the development of new drugs and successful immunisation programmes that have followed. Cancer death rates have fallen and this is in part due to radical new treatments, effective screening programmes, and also, as a result of popular movements for change in patient care, and decreased exposure to carcinogens. Completely revised and updated, this new edition of Oncology Lecture Notes describes advances in molecular biology research and highlights the importance of patient perspectives in cancer care. The text includes many new figures and tables, an update of molecular biology and highlights new treatments. With learning objectives and key point summaries in each chapter, Oncology Lecture Notes is an ideal introduction to the biological basis and principles of treatment in oncology.

Management of Breast Diseases

Ismail Jatoi, Rody, Achim.

Pages: 656 Size: 14.8 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2016
eISBN-13: 9783319463568

This text is intended as a practical guide for physicians and surgeons who treat diseases of the breast, both benign and malignant. Thus, general surgeons, internists, family practitioners, gynecologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists will find this book useful. The management of breast diseases requires a multidisciplinary approach, and this textbook therefore includes the views of a wide range of specialists from throughout the world. Today the treatment of breast diseases is largely predicated on the results of randomized prospective trials. The results of many clinical trials are discussed in detail, and readers will find this book to be a useful guide to the evidence-based treatment of breast diseases. The revised edition provides a comprehensive update of the previous version of the book. Specifically, it contains 2 new chapters: “Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer” and “Breast Cancer Molecular Testing for Prognosis and Prediction”. In addition, since publication of the previous edition, the results of numerous adjuvant systemic therapy and neo-adjuvant systemic therapy trials have been published, and this edition provides a comprehensive overview of these trials and discusses how they have changed the management of breast cancer. Similarly, there have been, in the last few years, important new developments in the local therapy of breast cancer. This edition discusses these new developments and particularly recent developments and controversies concerning the management of the axilla in patients with primary breast cancer. New guidelines with respect to radiotherapy are also reviewed and discussed. Finally, all chapters in the book are thoroughly revised and updated to provide readers with current understanding of the biology and treatment of breast cancer.

Mosby’s Oncology Nursing Advisor E-Book

Susan Newton, Margie Hickey, Jeannine M. Brant.

Pages: 490 Size: 8.71 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Mosby
Published: 10 September, 2016
eISBN-13: 9780323449113

Get quick access to the most important information surrounding cancer and oncology nursing care with Mosby’s Oncology Nursing Advisor, 2nd Edition. Covering everything from the various types of cancer and cancer treatment options to patient education and nursing best-practices, this indispensable nursing guide is like getting seven books in one! Plus, its user-friendly layout and straightforward coverage make it ideal for use in any clinical setting. With 17 new chapters, updated evidence-based content throughout, and proven patient teaching handouts, this new edition offers the authoritative guidance you need to provide the best possible oncology nursing care.

Oncologic Emergencies

Edited By Ellen F. Manzullo, Carmen Esther Gonzalez, Carmen P. Escalante, Sai-Ching J. Yeung.

Pages: 412 Size: 3.66 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Springer Verlag
Published: 01 January, 2016
eISBN-13: 9781493931880

This new resource on managing oncologic emergencies is directed at all health care professionals who care for patients with cancer or survivors. Edited and written by clinician-experts at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, the book covers the full range of oncologic emergencies, from cardiac and neurologic to orthopedic to hematologic, and addresses important palliative care, ethical, and Emergency Department considerations. Chapters are structured with busy clinicians in emergent and urgent settings in mind, and each chapter concludes with a series of key practice points and a list of suggested readings for those who wish to delve deeper into a subject. For any clinician facing the increasing number of patients who experience an oncologic emergency, this is an up-to-date, clinically focused, and authoritative resource.

Oxford Textbook of Oncology

Edited By David J. Kerr, Daniel G. Haller, Cornelius J. H. Van De Velde, Michael Baumann.

Pages: 1,041 Size: 58.76 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 28 January, 2016
eISBN-13: 9780191065101

Written and edited by internationally recognised leaders in the field, the new edition of the Oxford Textbook of Oncology has been fully revised and updated, taking into consideration the advancements in each of the major therapeutic areas, and representing the multidisciplinary management of cancer.

The Prevention of Cancer: Pointers from Epidemiology

Doll, Richard

Pages: 145 Size: 6.16 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Routledge Ltd
Published: 05 July, 2017
eISBN-13: 9781315134178

Epidemiological studies show that cancer incidence is far more dependent on the conditions of life than previously supposed. Classically, cancers occurred with heavy exposure to a specific occupational hazard, or were associated with habits. In some instances, research shows, the incidence of cancer falls when the method of work or the associated habit is changed. In short, variation in incidence is now known to be the rule rather than the exception in cancer. No cancer that occurs with even moderate frequency, occurs everywhere and always to the same extent. Sometimes it is even epidemic, similar in scale to an epidemic of infectious disease, but modified by the fact that the induction period may be as much as thirty years.Prevention of cancer is now coming to be regarded as a practicable alternative to its cure. We remain almost totally ignorant of how cancer is produced at the cellular level and, until we know this, our methods of prevention are liable to be cumbersome and inefficient. Ethical considerations and the time scale of the disease make it impossible to obtain experimental evidence in man and what action to take has been determined from observing nature’s experiments and by analogy from experiments in animals.The evidence from epidemiological studies is of particular interest. Such studies suggest relationships that would never be thought of in the ordinary course of laboratory work and results that are directly relevant to the problems of human disease. The large numbers at risk and the intensity of the medical care to which people with cancer are subjected, make it possible to recognize relatively small improvements.

Problem Solving in Older Cancer Patients

A Ring, D Harari, T Kalsi, J Mansi, P.J. Selby

Pages: 330 Size: 2.46 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Atlas Medical Publishing
Published: 17 November, 2015
eISBN-13: 9781846926501

Supported by the Association of Cancer Physicians and British Geraitrics Society, this timely and accessible text champions patient-centred care as part of a multidisciplinary approach to treating elderly cancer patients. Combining the experience of oncology and geriatrics specialists from three centres of excellence, this text is an invaluable guide for oncologists, geriatricians, GPs, nurses, doctors in training, and healthcare managers and administrators. Applies a structured case study approach to oncology treatment in the largest and fastest growing patient group. Suitable for reference at point of care; ideal for learning and CPD.

Smoking – what all healthcare professionals need to know

Graham F. Cope.

Pages: 128 Size: 422 KB Format: EPUB Publisher: M&K Update Ltd.
Published: 28 March, 2016
eISBN-13: 9781907830594

Most people are aware of the risks of smoking in relation to lung cancer, heart disease and pregnancy but ignorant of its many other dangers. Smoking – what all healthcare professionals need to know is based on many years of detailed research. It presents substantial evidence that smoking actually affects every organ system in the body and is instrumental in many diseases. This book will enable a wide range of healthcare professionals (including general practitioners, nurses, surgeons, psychiatrists, dentists, physiotherapists, urologists, gastroenterologists, audiologists, ophthalmologists and dermatologists) to provide helpful, accurate advice and feedback to reduce smoking among their patients. Preventative medicine is an increasing priority today, and programmes to reduce smoking (whether at the national level or aimed at the individual) have been shown to be effective – both in terms of improving patient outcomes and reducing health service expenditure. This book should therefore be required reading for all healthcare professionals.

TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours

Editors In Chief, James D. Brierley, Mary K. Gospodarowicz And Christian Wittekind ; Editors, B. O’Sullivan [and 7 Others].

Pages: 274 Size: 1.27 MB Format: PDF Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Published: 16 November, 2016
eISBN-13: 9781119263548

TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours eighth edition provides the latest, internationally agreed-upon standards to describe and categorize cancer stage. * Published in affiliation with the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)

  • Arranged by anatomical region, this authoritative pocket sized guide contains many important updated organ-specific classifications
  • There are new classifications for p16 positive oropharyngeal carcinomas, carcinomas of the thymus, neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas, and sarcomas
  • To facilitate the collection of stage data for cancer surveillance in low and middle income countries there are new sections on Essential TNM and Paediatric Cancer Stage
  • New colour presentation